Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most frequent hormonal disorders affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterised by an imbalance of reproductive hormones that can lead to problems with ovulation, changes in the menstrual cycle and the development of many small follicles in the ovaries. Although the name suggests cysts, not every woman with PCOS has them. The condition affects not only fertility but also long-term metabolic health, raising the risk of insulin resistance and diabetes. Recognising the symptoms early and having a careful medical assessment are essential steps to manage the condition and improve quality of life.
Diagnostic criteria and symptoms
The diagnosis of PCOS is usually based on the Rotterdam criteria, which require at least two of three main features: irregular menstrual cycles (infrequent or absent ovulation), clinical or biochemical signs of high androgen (male hormone) levels, and a polycystic appearance of the ovaries on ultrasound. It is important to exclude other medical conditions that can cause similar symptoms.
Symptoms vary a great deal from one person to another. Some women experience weight gain, excess hair growth on the face and body (hirsutism), acne or hair thinning. Changes in the menstrual cycle are often the first sign that leads women to seek medical advice.
Metabolic context and general health
PCOS is not only a reproductive matter; it is closely linked to metabolic function. Many women with the syndrome have insulin resistance, meaning the body does not use insulin effectively. This can lead to higher blood sugar levels and, over time, increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Because of this metabolic profile, women with PCOS may also have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure and raised cholesterol. A medical assessment usually includes tests for these conditions so that health is managed as a whole.
Effect on fertility and ovulation
One of the biggest concerns for women with PCOS is the effect on fertility. Because of the hormonal imbalance, ovulation (the release of an egg) may happen rarely or not at all. This lack of regular ovulation is one of the most common reasons for difficulty conceiving.
A diagnosis of PCOS does not, however, mean that having children is impossible. Many women with the syndrome achieve a successful pregnancy through lifestyle changes or targeted medical treatment to induce ovulation. Every fertility treatment plan is adapted individually.
Management through lifestyle and medical options
Lifestyle changes are often the first line of management for PCOS. A balanced diet and regular physical activity can help improve insulin resistance, regulate the menstrual cycle and maintain a healthy weight. Even a modest weight loss can bring noticeable improvement in symptoms.
Beyond lifestyle, different medical options exist depending on the patient's goals. These may include hormonal contraceptives to regulate the cycle, medicines to manage the effects of high androgens, or specific fertility treatments. The choice of treatment is made after a detailed medical consultation.